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Prevalent contamination of chlorinated solvents(e.g.,trichloroethylene [TCE] and 1,1,1-trichloroethane [1,1,1-TCA])in the subsurface represents a grant environmental concern threatening water quality and human health.Even worse,1,4-dioxane(dioxane)has been historically used as a stabilizer for chlorinated solvents.Unfortunately,dioxane is very mobile and persistent once released to the aquifer.Its hydrophilicity and structural stability also preclude effective removal by conventional physical and chemical treatments.