出了建立信用体系的关键所在：一定要有一个具有很强针对性的惩罚方法体系，最好要针对到个人，这样才可以使对担保企业的信用约束达到最大化。否则，就象国有企业的资产所有人缺位一样，信用制度很难建立。尤其是中国的中小企业，实际上在所有权这方面有一定的优势，资产的所 The key to establishing a credit system lies in the following: There must be a highly targeted punishment method system, which is best targeted at individuals so as to maximize the credit constraint on guarantee enterprises. Otherwise, just as the asset owners of SOEs are absent, the credit system is hard to establish. In particular, small and medium-sized enterprises in China have in fact some advantages in ownership and assets