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明代赋役改革导致徭役折银定额化,但里甲役仍需亲身承担,是一项不确定的负担。针对不同负担,编户发展出不同应役方式,在家族组织不同层次上订立共同应役合同或者委托承揽契约,通过多层次复合性应对策略分散了风险、减轻了官方改革残余的徭役负担不确定性对生活的影响。应对策略所遵循的明晰权责、细化收益风险分担的原则显示出户内赋役应对本质上是一种具有很强“可计算性”的契约关系。
In the Ming Dynasty, the reform of the tax-service system led to the quota reduction of bonded silver in military service. However, it was an uncertain burden that Liya Company still had to bear the burden in person. In response to different burdens, households develop different modes of service, enter into common service contracts or contract contracts at different levels of family organization, diversify risk through multi-level and complex coping strategies, and reduce the uncertainty of the remaining burden of government bond on official reforms The impact of sex on life. The principle of coping strategies followed by clarifying rights and responsibilities and refining the risk-sharing of income shows that the internal response is essentially a contractual relationship with strong “calculability ”.