中性粒细胞一直被认为是先天免疫系统中一种短寿命的、同质的细胞类型，具有有限的促/抗炎作用。然而最近10年，随着研究的深入，对中性粒细胞的了解正在经历着某种复兴。对中性粒细胞的异质性及其与其他免疫细胞相互作用机制的研究促进了研究者对中性粒细胞生理与病理生理作用的再认识。在接下来的数十年中，随着单细胞测序技术、空间转录组测序技术以及多组学联合测序技术的发展，研究者将对中性粒细胞的生物学行为认识得更为透彻。本文对近年来中性粒细胞的多种生物学行为及其在多种疾病中的作用进行简要评述。“,”Neutrophils have always been considered as a short-lived and homogeneous cell type in the innate immune system, which have limited pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory effects. However, in recent 10 years, the understanding of neutrophils has been undergoing some kind of revival as researches progressed. The researches on the heterogeneity of neutrophils and the mechanism of their interaction with other immune cells have promoted the researchers to re-understand the physiological and pathophysiological roles of neutrophils. In the following decades, with the development of single-cell sequencing technology, spatial transcriptome sequencing technology, and multi-omics combined sequencing technology, researchers will have a better understanding of the biological behaviors of neutrophils. This paper briefly reviews the biological behaviors of neutrophils and their roles in various diseases in recent years.