现代科学对方法论的研究提出了比已往更高的要求。问题复杂多样;研究对象层出不穷;现实迫切需要重新考查传统概念;科学发现对生存条件和人类生活本身的影响愈趋增长。这一切都迫使人们不仅更加集中研究知识的内容,而且还愈益注意研究获得知识的手段。手段是活动的武器。这可以是物质的东西(机床、仪器),也可以是思想的形成物(语言、抽象概念)。当然,这些手段本身都是被动的。人们必须学会使用它们,了解它们的适用规则。活动手段和适 The research on methodology in modern science has put forward higher requirements than ever before. The problems are complex and diverse; the research object is endless; the reality urgently needs to re-examine the traditional concepts; and the impact of scientific discovery on living conditions and human life itself is on the rise. All this forces people not only to focus more on the content of knowledge, but also to pay more attention to the means of acquiring knowledge. Means is the weapon of activity. This can be material things (machine tools, instruments) or thought formations (language, abstract concepts). Of course, these means are passive in themselves. People must learn to use them and understand the rules that apply to them. Activity means and fitness