Background and Aims: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) usually occurs during the chronic infection of hepatitis B virus (HBV). However, the risk factors of CKD in an HBV population have not been completely demonstrated. Our present study aimed to investigate the risk factors of CKD in chronic HBV infection using a hospital based cross-sec-tional study in the northern area of China. Methods: Dur-ing January 2013 to December 2017, a total of 94 patients with CKD complicated by chronic HBV infection were con-secutively enrolled in the study, as well as 548 age- and sex-matched hepatitis B patients without CKD who were enrolled as controls. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were used to determine the effects of each vari-able after adjusting for cofounding factors. Results: Mul-tivariate analysis showed that HBeAg-positive status (odds ratio [OR]=2.099, 95％ CI 1.128–3.907), dyslipidemia (OR: 3.025, 95％ CI 1.747–5.239), and hypertension (OR: 12.523, 95％ CI 6.283–24.958) were independently associ-ated with the incidence of CKD, while duration of HBV in-fection (≥240 months) (OR: 0.401, 95％ CI 0.179–0.894), Log10 HBsAg (OR: 0.514, 95％ CI 0.336–0.786), and coro-nary heart disease (OR: 0.078, 95％ CI 0.008–0.768) were protective factors for the incidence of CKD. Duration of HBV infection, Log10 HBsAg, HBeAg-positive status and dyslipi-demia remained the risk factors for CKD after adjusting for diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and coronary heart dis-ease. Conclusions: Duration of HBV infection, Log10 HB-sAg, HBeAg-positive status and dyslipidemia contributed to the incidence of CKD during chronic HBV infection in a Chinese population.