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长期以来,国内学术界关注更多的是列宁的民族问题理论,而对关于马克思恩格斯民族问题理论的文本研究却相对较少。实际上,马克思恩格斯通过众多的论述阐述了民族问题的基本理论。所不同的是,马克思恩格斯不是把民族问题单独来考察的,而是把民族问题放在其整体的理论框架中来分析的,特别是把关于民族问题的研究与生产力发展和人类解放问题结合在一起来进行研究的。马克思恩格斯着重分析了资产阶级作为现代民族产生的条件和特征,现代民族形成后的双后果,以及落后民族的发展问题和解放问题。在马克思恩格斯看来,尽管资产阶级民族开拓了世界历史进程,但资本主义私有制使得资产阶级仍然存在着不可克服的民族狭隘性。同样,作为现代民族的无产阶级就要承担起自身的政治解放和全社会的解放的历史重任,只有在克服资产阶级的民族狭隘性之后才有可能最终实现人的全面发展和人类的解放。
For a long time, domestic academic circles have paid more attention to Lenin’s theory of ethnic issues, while relatively few have studied the theory of ethnic issues in Marx and Engels. In fact, Marx and Engels expounded the basic theory of ethnic issues through numerous expositions. The difference is that Marx and Engels did not examine the national issue separately but put the issue of nationality in its overall theoretical framework for analysis. In particular, it combines the research on national issues with the development of productive forces and human liberation Study together. Marx and Engels focus on analyzing the conditions and characteristics of the bourgeoisie as a modern nation, the double consequence after the formation of the modern nation, and the issue of the development and liberation of the backward people. According to Marx and Engels, although the bourgeois nation has opened up the course of world history, the private ownership of capital has left the bourgeoisie with insurmountable national narrowness. Likewise, the proletariat, as a modern nation, must shoulder its historic task of liberating itself from the political and liberation of the whole society. Only after it has overcome the national narrowness of the bourgeoisie will it be possible to finally achieve the all-round development of man and the liberation of mankind.