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采用高、低氮处理研究盆栽种植大豆、棉花、玉米和高粱对土壤有效氮构成和氮肥转化利用的影响,以期为不同类型作物的氮肥合理利用及其利用率的提高提供技术指导。结果表明,与施氮肥不种植作物(对照)相比,种大豆、棉花、玉米、高粱使土壤有效氮含量分别显著降低53.48%、51.54%、33.10%、55.03%,并影响有效氮构成。其中,种大豆、棉花、玉米、高粱使土壤无机氮含量分别显著降低85.41%、83.09%、70.89%、83.35%,水解有机氮含量分别显著增加1.41、1.53、2.11、1.28倍;种大豆、棉花、玉米、高粱使无机氮所占比例分别显著降低68.61%、65.09%、56.47%、63.00%,水解有机氮所占比例分别显著增加4.18、4.21、3.66、4.08倍。与对照相比,种大豆、棉花、玉米、高粱使铵态氮肥转化率分别显著提高93.66%、38.19%、32.58%、38.31%,以种大豆增幅最高;种大豆、棉花、玉米、高粱处理的铵态氮肥硝化率都变为负值,以种大豆降幅最大。种大豆、棉花、玉米、高粱处理的氮肥利用率分别为52.01%、28.31%、24.16%、28.40%,以种大豆处理的氮肥利用率最高。综上,作物生长通过对氮素的吸收利用和对土壤环境的改变,抑制土壤硝化作用,并促进土壤水解有机氮的形成,从而影响土壤有效氮的构成和施入土壤氮的转化利用。豆类作物较非豆类作物抑制土壤硝化作用的能力强,对土壤铵态氮的利用效率高。
The effects of potted soybean, cotton, maize and sorghum on soil available N formation and nitrogen fertilizer conversion were studied by using high and low nitrogen treatments, with a view to providing technical guidance for rational use of nitrogen fertilizer and their utilization efficiency in different types of crops. The results showed that compared with no nitrogen fertilizer (control), the contents of available nitrogen in soil decreased significantly by 53.48%, 51.54%, 33.10% and 55.03%, respectively, and affected the composition of available nitrogen. Among them, the contents of inorganic nitrogen in soils, soybean, cotton, maize and sorghum decreased by 85.41%, 83.09%, 70.89% and 83.35%, and the content of hydrolyzed organic nitrogen increased by 1.41,1.53, 2.11 and 1.28 times respectively; , Maize and sorghum reduced the proportion of inorganic nitrogen by 68.61%, 65.09%, 56.47% and 63.00% respectively, and the proportions of hydrolyzed organic nitrogen increased by 4.18, 4.21, 3.66 and 4.08 times respectively. Compared with the control, the conversion rate of ammonium nitrogen fertilizer increased by 93.66%, 38.19%, 32.58% and 38.31% with soybean, cotton, corn and sorghum, respectively, Ammonia Nitrogen Nitrification rates have become negative, with the largest drop in species of soybean. The utilization rate of nitrogen by soybean, cotton, maize and sorghum was 52.01%, 28.31%, 24.16% and 28.40%, respectively. The utilization rate of nitrogen by soybean was the highest. In summary, crop growth through the absorption and utilization of nitrogen and changes in the soil environment, inhibit soil nitrification, and promote the formation of soil organic nitrogen hydrolysis, thus affecting the composition of soil available nitrogen and applied to the transformation and utilization of soil nitrogen. Legume crops are more capable of inhibiting soil nitrification than non-leguminous crops and have higher utilization efficiency of ammonium nitrogen in soil.