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繁殖与推广植物检疫签准的无毒种子、无性繁殖材料是防止病毒传播、控制水果、蔬菜和观赏作物的许多严重病毒病害的根本方法。几十年来,植物病毒学家已经用免疫化学技术来探测和分类植物病毒。自从1977年引用酶联免疫吸附测试(ELISA)于物植病毒的检测以来,血清学测定方法在植物检定中已广为应用。高质量抗血清的需求大增。在许多检定程序中血清学测定显得日趋重要。为提高血清学方法的灵敏度,血清的质量必须改进,避免非专化性反应出现。在植物病毒提纯过程中,某些植物材料总是附随于病毒,也作为抗原而刺激产生其专化性抗体反应。血清学测试越有效,每次测试需要的抗体量越少,寄主抗体的低含量也就显得越重要。许多在凝胶双扩散测试中能用的血清,除非先用健康植物汁液交互吸收过,否则不适合于做ELISA反应;某些情况下,即使是吸附收过的抗血清在ELISA反应中仍不能用。三十多种植物病毒的单克隆抗体(MCAs)已能制备了,在植物病毒的基础研究和应用研究中MCAs都有许多大用途。现在许多MCAs已应用于病毒检测和病毒间相互关系的研究。MCAs在研究根本性问题上也是有用的:如病毒怎样装配?为何病毒感染某种植物而不感染其它种植物?病毒怎样克服那结合到农作物中的抗性?在植物体中病毒是怎样运动的?在阐述病毒感染过程中的复杂生化反应时MCAs也是有用的。本文将集中谈谈用MCAs检测病毒和未来几十年病毒检测中MCAs将在哪些方面进行改进。
The propagation and promotion of phytosanitary-approved non-toxic seeds and vegetative propagation material are fundamental ways to prevent the spread of the virus and to control many of the most serious virus diseases in fruits, vegetables and ornamental crops. For decades, plant virologists have used immunochemical techniques to detect and classify plant viruses. Serological assays have been widely used in plant testing since the introduction of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 1977 for detection of phytoplasma. The demand for high quality antisera has soared. Serological assays are becoming increasingly important in many assays. In order to increase the sensitivity of serological methods, the quality of the serum must be improved to avoid non-specific reactions. During plant virus purification, certain plant materials are always attached to the virus and also stimulated to produce their specific antibody response as an antigen. The more effective the serological test, the less the amount of antibody required for each test, the lower the level of the host antibody becomes more important. Many of the sera that can be used in gel-double-diffusion assays are not suitable for ELISA reactions unless they are first absorbed in healthy plant juices; in some cases, even an antiserum that has been absorbed can not react in an ELISA reaction use. Monoclonal antibodies (MCAs) of more than thirty plant viruses have been prepared, and MCAs have many uses in the basic and applied research of plant viruses. Many MCAs have now been used in the study of virus detection and the interrelationship between viruses. MCAs are also useful in studying fundamental issues such as how a virus is assembled, why a virus infects a plant without infecting other plants, how the virus overcomes the resistance that is incorporated into the crop, how the virus moves in the plant MCAs are also useful in elucidating the complex biochemical reactions in viral infections. This article will focus on using MCAs to detect viruses and MCAs in virus detection in the next few decades.