美国成人患尿石病者占2～3％。多数结石可自发排出。然而,其中结石不能排出者高达30％,并需要手术处理。5年内尿结石的复发率为20～50％。尿结石的治疗方法多年未发生变化,包括经尿道取除低位输尿管结石、开放性手术治疗高位输尿管结石(输尿管切开取石术)和肾收集系统的结石(肾盂切开取石术)。70年代末,开始应用经皮肾结石取除术和输尿管镜技术,为开放性手术提供了一种有效的替代疗法。西德和美国分别于1980年和1984年开始应用一种非侵入性技术破碎尿结石——体外震波碎石术(ESWL),作为替代开放性手术的另一种治疗方法。病人的选择 American adults suffering from urolithiasis accounted for 2 to 3%. Most stones can be spontaneously discharged. However, stones in which stones can not be discharged up to 30% and require surgical treatment. Urinary stones within 5 years the recurrence rate of 20 to 50%. Treatment of urinary stones has not changed for many years, including transurethral removal of lower ureteral calculi, open surgery for upper ureteral calculi (ureterolithotomy) and renal collecting system stones (pyelolithotomy). The late 70s, began to apply percutaneous nephrolithotomy and ureteroscopy, open surgery provides an effective alternative therapies. In 1980 and 1984, West Germany and the United States began to apply ESGL, a noninvasive technique for crushing urinary calculus, as another alternative to open surgery. Patient’s choice