肾脏疾病可分为急性肾损伤(AKI)和慢性肾脏疾病(CKD)。AKI患者的肾脏严重损伤时肾小球滤过率在短短几小时或几天内会突然下降,但是这种现象通常是可逆的。CKD患者的肾脏功能会持续几个月下降,由最初的肾损伤导致部分组织重构和肾功能持续下降。糖尿病和高脂血症是引起CKD发展的重要因素。许多CKD可导致肾小球硬化和肾小管间质纤维化。虽然肾小球的纤维化和肾小管间质纤维化是同时发生的,但近年来大量研究表明,肾功能的损害程度与肾小管间质病变的严重程度密切相关。肾小管间质损害程度是反映肾功能下降严重程度和判断预 Kidney disease can be divided into acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) decreases suddenly in AKI patients with severe kidney damage within a few hours or days, but this phenomenon is usually reversible. Kidney function in CKD patients persists for months after initial renal damage results in partial tissue remodeling and continued loss of renal function. Diabetes and hyperlipidemia are important factors that cause the development of CKD. Many CKD can cause glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Although glomerular fibrosis and tubulointerstitial fibrosis occur simultaneously, but in recent years a large number of studies have shown that the extent of renal damage and tubulointerstitial lesions are closely related to the severity. Tubulointerstitial damage is reflected in the degree of severity of renal dysfunction and judgments