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历史哲学是对于人类自身命运的沉思。人们对于未来命运不确定性的探索与尝试,由来已久。不同的古代文明中,巫术、神话与宗教各自做出了自己的努力。在16-17世纪欧洲科学革命的影响下,哲学家们开始了大规模探索人类发展规律的思考,维柯、孔多塞、康德、黑格尔等是其中的代表性人物。然而在追求永恒真理的过程中,这些思想体系始终存在无法克服的逻辑矛盾。对于科学理性有限性的认识,使得如别尔嘉耶夫、莱茵霍尔德·尼布尔等思想者提出,只有在信仰中,才能克服有限与永恒、现实缺陷与完美性追求的矛盾。20世纪的科学进展表明,“世界终结”确实存在,完美性的设想没有依据。马克思主义学说是以接受认识有限性与存在局限性为前提的。“时间是人的积极存在”这句经典论断表明,对于现实的人及其发展的关注,是唯物史观的核心与生命力所在。未来是人们积极行动创造的结果,而非哲学与宗教思辨的产物。
Philosophy of history is a meditation on the destiny of human beings. It has been a long time since people tried to explore the uncertainty of the future destiny. Different ancient civilizations, witchcraft, myths and religions have made their own efforts. Under the influence of the European scientific revolution in the 16th and 17th centuries, philosophers began to think in a large-scale exploration of the law of human development. Vico, Condorcet, Kant, Hegel etc. are the representative figures among them. However, in the process of pursuing the eternal truth, these ideological systems always have insurmountable logical contradictions. The understanding of the limited nature of scientific rationality has led some thinkers like Berjayev and Rheinhold Niebuhr to propose that the contradiction between limitation and eternity, defects in reality and pursuit of perfection can be overcome only in the faith. The scientific progress of the 20th century shows that “the end of the world” does exist and there is no basis for the idea of perfection. The Marxist doctrine is based on the acceptance of limitations and limitations of knowledge. The classical thesis that “time is the active existence of man” shows that the concern for the reality of man and his development is the core and vitality of historical materialism. The future is the result of positive action by people, not the product of philosophical and religious speculation.