论文部分内容阅读
制度安排有两类:一类是基础制度安排,另一类是第二级制度安排。前者具有公共物品的性质,是公共选择的结果,后者具有个人契约的性质。由于具有公共选择性质的制度安排的确立需要多个人之间的一致同意,或者需要由政府来推动,它比两人之间达成契约性安排要困难得多。所以,与基础性制度安排相伴随的变革过程费用要大大超过以契约形式为代表的与第二级制度安排相伴随的费用。因而在一个渐进性的历史变革过程中,在基础性制度变迁之前,很有可能发生的是第二级的制度变迁。“这种背离、修改或者绕开现存基础性制度安排的变化会
There are two types of institutional arrangements: one is the basic institutional arrangements, and the other is the second-level institutional arrangements. The former has the nature of public goods, the result of public choice, the latter has the nature of a personal contract. Since the establishment of a institutional arrangement of a public choice nature requires unanimity among multiple individuals or needs to be promoted by the government, it is much more difficult than the contractual arrangements between the two parties. Therefore, the costs of the change process associated with the basic institutional arrangements far outweigh the costs associated with the second-level institutional arrangements represented by the contractual arrangements. Therefore, during a gradual process of historical change, it is very likely that the second-level institutional changes will take place before the basic institutional changes. "This change that departs from, modifies or circumvents existing infrastructure arrangements