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句子的分类
1、根据句子的语气可以分为:陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。
①陈述句用来陈述一项事实。它包含肯定句和否定句。如:
I have been to the Great Wall twice.
There is nothing else in the box.
② 疑问句是用来提出问题。它包括一般疑问句、选择疑问句、特殊疑问句和反意疑问句。
一般疑问句是用yes或no来回答的疑问句。
[考题再现] (2012 ?山东临沂?77)
There are some flowers in the garden. (改为一般疑问句)
________ ________any flowers in the garden?
[答案解析] Are there。由原句there are结构可知,将be动词are提前。
特殊疑问句是就句子中某一部分提问的疑问句。它有两种结构:
特殊疑问词作主语或作主语的定语时,语序与陈述句一样。
[考题再现] (2012 ?山东临沂?79) David is playing basketball in the playground now. (对画线部分提问)
________ ________ playing basketball in the playground now?
[答案解析]Who is。对主语人进行提问,疑问词用who,且who在句中作主语,全句用陈述句语序。
特殊疑问词不作主语或主语的定语时,语序为:特殊疑问词 一般疑问句。
[考题再现] (2012?江苏南通?61)
Our first class in the morning begins at 7:30. (对划线部分提问)
________ ________ does your first class in the morning begin?
[答案解析] What time。对具体的时间提问,用特殊疑问词What time来提问。题中What time在句中作状语,语序为:特殊疑问词 一般疑问句。
选择疑问句是提供两种或两种以上情况问对方选择哪一种的疑问句。如:
Are you going to the cinema or the theatre?
反意疑问句是附加在陈述句之后,对陈述句所叙述的事实提出相反的疑问的问句。
[考题再现] (2012江苏无锡11) — Your brother often disagrees with you, ________ he?
— ________. We often have different opinions.
A. does, Yes B. doesn’t; Yes C. does; No D. doesn’t; No
[答案解析]B。考查反意疑问句以及回答。句子的陈述部分是含有行为动词的一般现在时态,主语是第三人称的单数形式,疑问部分用doesn’t构成,根据答句:我们经常有不同的观点,可知是肯定回答,所以选B。
③ 祈使句是用来表示命令,请求或建议等意义的句子。
[考题再现] (2012?重庆?37) Jack, ________, or you will get heavier.
A. doesn’t play sports any more B. doesn’t eat so much meat
C. don’t play sports any more D. don’t eat so much meat
[答案解析] D。考查祈使句的用法。祈使句中动词一般用原形,否定借用助动词don’t,故A和B可被排除,再根据句意“否则你会变胖”,故选D。
④感叹句是用来表示说话人强烈的喜、怒、哀、乐等情绪的句子。它通常有两种结构:What 名词短语 主 谓!How 形/副 主 谓!
[考题再现] (2012?江苏盐城?9) ________ children Simon and Jim are! They help Mrs. Li clean the house every day.
A. How nice B. How brave C. What nice D. What brave
[答案解析]C。children是可数名词复数,因此,使用what 来修饰,故选C。
2、根据句子的结构可以分为:简单词、复合句和并列句。
简单句
简单句是由一个主语或并列主语加一个谓语或并列谓语构成的句子。简单句有五大基本句型:
①主语 不及物动词(S V)
在该句型中,有时为了表示动作发生的频率、原因、结果、目的、场所、时间等,句末常带有状语。如:
We have been waiting for hours. 我们已经等了几个小时了。
②主语 及物动词 宾语 (S V O)
在该句型中,宾语可以由名词、代词、不定式、v-ing形式等充当。句子中有时含有状语。如:
You can put the books in your bag. 你可以把这些书放在你的包里。
③主语 系动词 表语 ( S V P)
在该句型中,表语通常由名词、形容词、介词短语、不定式等充当。系动词有两类,一类是说明情况的,如: be, look, feel, seem, taste, sound, smell等;另一类是表示变化的,如:become, get, turn, grow等。 [考题再现] (2012?宁夏?33) Apples of this kind ________.
A. tastes good B. tastes well C. taste good D. taste well
[答案解析]C。本题考查系动词的用法。句意:这种苹果尝起来很好。本句主语是apples,选项A和B系动词用第三人称单数tastes,故是错误的。well用作形容词时意为“身体健康的”,不符合句意。只能用taste good,意为“尝起来好”。所以选C。
④主语 及物动词 间接宾语 直接宾语 (S V IO DO)
在该句型中,间接宾语有时也可以改成一个由to或for引起的短语,放在直接宾语之后,即构成 “主语 及物动词 直接宾语 介词 间接宾语” 的句型。如:
Could you pass me the dictionary? = Could you pass the dictionary to me? 请你把字典递给我好吗?
They sang me a song. =They sang a song for me 他们给我唱了支歌。
需在间接宾语前加to的常见动词有:give, show, send, bring, pass, lend, tell, teach等;需在间接宾语前加for的常见动词:make, buy, do, sing, cook等。
如果直接宾语为人称代词宾格时,则只能用“主语 及物动词 直接宾语 介词 间接宾语” 的句型。如:
I’ll show it to my brother. 我要把它给我的弟弟看。
⑤主语 及物动词 宾语 宾语补足语 (S V O C)
宾语补足语的作用是补充说明宾语的动作或状态。它可以由名词、形容词、动词不定式或介词短语等充当。如:
Please keep the classroom clean. 请保持教室清洁。
She asked me to call Simon again. 她让我再给西蒙打个电话。
使役动词make, let, have等后接不带to的不定式作宾语补足语。如:
He made me work twelve hours a day. 他让我一天工作十二个小时。
感官动词 see, hear, watch, feel, find, notice 等后既可接不带to的不定式作宾语补足语,也可接v-ing形式作宾语补足语。前者表示动作已经结束,后者表示动作正在进行。试比较:
I saw a girl get on the bus. 我看见一个女孩上车了。 (上车的动作已经结束)
I saw a girl getting on the bus. 我看见一个女孩正在上车。 (上车的动作正在进行)
[考题再现] (2012江苏盐城13) —Is Tom in the next room?
— Well, it’s hard to say. But I heard him ________ loudly when I passed by just now.
A. speak B. to speak C. spoken D. speaking
[答案解析]D。由when I passed by just now“刚才我经过时”可知是强调动作正在发生, hear sb. doing sth.“听见某人正在做某事”,现在分词作宾语补足语。故答案选D项。
[备考精练]
一、按要求转换句型。
1. Mary does her homework in the evening, too. (改为否定句)
.
2. Tony has some comic books. (改为一般疑问句)
.
3. We usually played football at school last year. (用in the park改为选择疑问句)
.
4. There was little juice in the glass just now. (改为反意疑问句)
.
5. She writes to her mother once a month. (对划线部分提问)
.
6. The woman in green is Zhang Hua’s mother. (对划线部分提问)
.
7. It is exciting news. (改为感叹句)
________ ________ ________ it is!
8. Can you make me a model plane in an hour? (改为同义句)
.
二、选择填空
1. There were few new words in the English competition for your daughter,_______?
A. were there B. weren’t there C. aren’t there D. are there
2. ________ bad weather it is! It’s rainy for nearly a month. A. What B. What a C. How D. How a
3. —________ is it to your home town from here?
— Well, it takes more than two hours to get there by coach.
A. How soon B. How much C. How long D. How far
4. —________ sweater do you like better, the red one or the blue one?
—I prefer the blue one.
A. How much B. What C. Whose D. Which
5. Your English teacher has never lost his temper, ________ he?
A. has B. hasn’t C. did D. didn’t
6.— Where’s your brother now, Jack?
—I saw him ________ in the street a moment ago and I told him ________.
A. playing; don’t do so B. playing; not to do so
C. play; to do so D. play; doesn’t do so
7. — Have you seen the funny movie Let the Bullet(子弹)Fly?
— Yes, it made me ________ many times.
A. laugh B. cry C. sleep D. sing
8. — What is the name of the song you sang just now? It ________ wonderful.
— It is You and Me.
A. heard B. listened C. sounded D. listened to
Key:
一、1. Mary doesn’t do her homework in the evening, either.
2. Does Tony have any comic books?
3. Did you usually play football at school or in the park last year?
4. There’s little juice in the glass just now, was there?
5. How often does she write to her mother?
6. Which woman is Zhang Hua’s mother?
7. What exciting news
8. Can you make a model plane for me in an hour?
二、1-5. AADDA 6-8. BAC
复合句
复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句组成。我们常见的从句有宾语从句、状语从句、定语从句。
一、宾语从句
在复合句中作主句宾语的从句叫宾语从句。宾语从句考查的重点通常有引导词、语序和时态。
1.引导词
① that 引导宾语从句时,无词义,在口语或非正式文体中常被省略,引导的宾语从句为完整的陈述句。
[考题再现] (2012江西40)I know ________ I promised to take you dinner, but I won’t finish working until ten o’clock.
A. that B. if C. what D. why
[答案解析]A。此题考查宾语从句的引导词。if意为“是否”;what意为“什么”;why意为“为什么”。从句是一个完整的陈述句,可以用that连接,故选A。此句中的that也可以省略。
② whether / if 引导宾语从句时,whether或if在句中充当句子成分,意为“是否”,不可省略。
[考题再现] (2012黔西南23) Do you know ________ Zunyi or not tomorrow?
A. whether are they leaving for B. whether they are leaving for
C. if they are leaving for D. if are they leaving for
[答案解析]B。宾语从句要用陈述句语序,所以排除A、D选项;if通常不能与or not连用,故选B答案。
③ what, when, where, how, why, who, whose, whom, which 等疑问副词、疑问代词引导宾语从句时,疑问副词和疑问代词本身具有一定的意义,在宾语从句中担任一定的成分,因此不可省略。
[考题再现] (2012江苏南通10) — Could you tell me ________? I’d like to take part in it. — On July 5th.
A. when will the fashion show be held B. when the fashion show will be held
C. where will the fashion show be held D. where the fashion show will be held
[答案解析]B。宾语从句中从句的语序应是陈述句语序,排除A、C项。由答语“On July 5th.”可知上句是询问时间,由选项B中的when可知B项符合题意。
2. 语序
在含有宾语从句的复合句中,宾语从句须用陈述句的语序。
[考题再现] (2012浙江杭州26) — Could you tell me ________?
— Of course.
A. where’s there a good place to eat B. where there’s a good place to eat
C. where is a good place to eat D. where a good place to eat
[答案解析]B。宾语从句用陈述句语序,A和C都是疑问句的语序,可排除;D选项中缺少谓语动词也应排除。故选B。
3. 宾语从句的时态
①当主句是现在时态时,宾语从句可以根据实际需要用各种时态。如:
[考题再现] (2012北京34) —Can you tell me ________ the prize, Tom?
—Last year.
A. when you got B. when did you get
C. when will you get D. when you will get
[答案解析]A。宾语从句用陈述句语序,主句为一般现在时态,从句时态不受限制,答语为过去的时间,从句部分也应用一般过去时态,故选A。
②当主句谓语动词是过去时态时,宾语从句中的时态只能用过去时态的某一形式,不能用现在时态或将来时态。
[考题再现] (2012宁夏27) —What did you say just now?
—I asked you ________.
A. who is she B. who she is C. who was she D. who she was
[答案解析]D。宾语从句要用陈述句语序,所以排除A、C选项。本句主句I asked you是一般过去时,从句也应该用一般过去时,选项D是who she was,是一般过去时,符合题意。所以选D。
③ 如果宾语从句表示的客观事实、客观真理时,无论主句时态如何,宾语从句中的时态都使用一般现在时。
[经典试题]?( 2007·潍坊)Our physics teacher told us light _______ faster than sound last term.
A. travels B. travel C. traveled D. traveling
[答案解析]A。题意为“我们的物理老师告诉我们光的传播速度比声音的传播速度快”,宾语从句表示的是客观事实。
二、状语从句
在复合句中,修饰主句中的动词,形容词或副词等的从句叫状语从句。状语从句根据它表达的意思可以分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、让步、比较、条件等。
1. 时间状语从句。引导词有when, while, till, until, since, after, before, as soon as等。注意:在时间状语从句中, 当主句是将来时态时,从句通常要用一般现在时。
[考题再现] (2011?重庆市?34)Betty will ring me up when she ________ in Beijing.
A. arrive B. arrives C. arrived D. will arrive
[答案解析]B。本题考查时间状语从句,如果主句和从句的动作都发生在将来,从句时态要用一般现在时表示将来。
2.原因状语从句。引导词有because, as, since等。注意:汉语中,我们经常说“因为……所以……”,但是在英语中有了because, 就不能再用so。
[经典试题]?(2012?山东临沂?23)The family had to stay at hotel, ________ it was raining hard.
A because B. although C. until D. unless
[答案解析]A。根据句意:这一家人不得不待在旅馆,因为天正下着大雨。because意为“因为”; although意为“尽管,虽然”;until意为“直到”;unless 意为“除非,如果不”。根据句意选A。
3.比较状语从句。以than, as…as为引导词。
[考题再现] (2012?江苏南通?13) Bob often says that swimming is ________ than hiking in reducing weight, but he always spends more time on swimming.
A. less useful B. less interesting C. more useful D. more interesting [答案解析]A。从句中than 可知用比较级,通过后面but表达的转折句意“花更多的时间在游泳上”可知前句句意为“Bob经常说游泳对于减肥不如远足有用”,用less useful than表达“不如……有用”。故选A。
4.条件状语从句。以if, unless (=if not) 引导。
注意:和时间状语从句一样,主句是一般将来时,从句则用一般现在时。
[考题再现] (2012广东36) If our government ________ attention to controlling food safety now, our health ________ in danger.
A. won’t pay; is B. doesn’t pay; is C. won’t pay; will be D. doesn’t pay; will be
[答案解析]D。if引导的条件状语从句使用一般现在时表示将来,主句使用一般将来时。句意为“现在如果政府不注意控制食品安全,我们的健康将会受到威胁。”
5.让步状语从句。引导词有though, although. 注意:although, though不能和but连用。
[考题再现] (2012?江西?29) ________ the girl is only nine, she takes care of her brother and cooks meals every day.
A. If B. Because C. Although D. As
[答案解析]C。although引导让步状语从句,意思是“尽管”,此句意为“尽管女孩只有九岁,但她每天照顾弟弟并做饭。”
6.目的状语从句。引导词有so that, in order that等。
[考题再现](2011?安徽省?48)You’d better take the map with you________ you won’t get lost.
A. as long as B. as soon as C. now that D. so that
[答案解析]D。句意为:“你最好随身带个地图以便你不会迷路。
7.结果状语从句。引导词:so …that…, such …that…。
[考题再现] (2012?江苏苏州?6) It was ________ lovely weather ________ we decided to spend the day on the beach.
A. such a; that B. such; that C. such; as D. so; that
[答案解析]B。so 形容词/副词 that (从句),such (a/an) 形容词 名词 that(从句)。weather是不可数名词,故选B。
三、定语从句
在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的句子叫定语从句。定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词。定语从句作定语时位置在先行词的后面。引导定语从句的词有关系代词that, which, who(宾格whom, 所有格whose)和关系副词when, where, why。
1. 关系代词的用法
①that 指物,有时也指人,在定语从句中作主语或宾语。作主语时不可省略,作宾时可省略。
[考题再现] (2012?江苏扬州?12) Zhang Lili is considered as the most beautiful teacher ________ gave her love to her students in danger.
A. who B. that C. whom D. which
[答案解析]B。定语从句的现行词the most beautiful teacher是“人”,在定语从句中充当的是主语,因此用关系代词who或that引导来引导,同时先行词由形容词的最高级修饰,只能用that来引导,故选B。
② which 指物,不指人,在从句中作主语或宾语。作主语时不可省略,作宾语时可省略。
[考题再现] (2012?天津?44) Please pass me the cartoon book ________ has a Mickey Mouse on the cover.
A. whom B. whose C. who D. which
[答案解析]D。先行词the carton book是物,用which引导定语从句。
③ whom 指人,为who 的宾格形式,在定语从句中只充当宾语。
[考题再现] (2011·湖北黄石·29) —Do you know the kid with ________ Bob is talking over there?
—Yes, it’s my cousin.
A. who B. that C. 不填 D. whom
[答案解析]D。定语从句修饰kid,kid是人且其关系代词在定语从句中作宾语,所以应用“whom”。
⑤whose 指人或物,在从句中作定语。指物时常可用of which 取代。
[考题再现] (2012?湖北随州?35) —There are so many girls over there. Which one is your sister? —The one ________ hat is yellow. A. who B. whose C. that D. which
[答案解析]B。定语从句的先行词是the one/girl,在定语从句中充当hat的定语,所以,定语从句的引导词用whose引导,故选B。
2. 关系副词的用法
① when 指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。如:Istill remember the day when I first came to the Great Wall. 我还记得我第一次来长城的那天。
② where指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。
[考题再现] (2012?四川宜宾?26) This is the primary school ________ I studied three years ago.
A. where B. when C. that D. which
[答案解析]A。定语从句的先行词the primary school, 在定语从句中充当的是地点状语,所以用关系副词where引导, 故选A。
③ why 指原因,相当于for which, 在定语从句中作原因状语。如:That’s the reason why she spoke. 那就是她发言的原因。
[备考精练]
1. Miss Green asked him________.
A. where did he live B. where does he live
C. where he lived D. he lived where
2. Please asked that man _______he will go to see the match.
A. who B. what C. whether D. which
3. I don’t know if it _______ this afternoon. If it _______, I won’t go out.
A. will rain, rains B. will rain, will rain C. rains, rains D. rains, will rain
4. The teacher said that the earth _______around the sun.
A. will go B. goes C. went D. would go
5. The girl asked the teacher _______.
A. what does the library look like B. what did the library look like
C. what the library look like D. what the library looked like
6. — Did you see who the driver was?
— No, the car ran so fast ________ I couldn’t get a good look at his face.
A. that B. which C. as D. after
7. Who is the man ______ is reading a book over there?
A. that B. which C. whose D. what
8. —W ill you please give the MP5 to Tony?
—Sure. I’ll give it to him_______ he arrives here.
A. before B. until C. because D. as soon as
9. _______the story is short and there are no new words in it, it is difficult to understand.
A. But B. Though C. And D. For
10. Amy is the girl________ legs were badly hurt in the accident.
A. whose B. that C. who D. which
Key: 1-5. CCABD 6-10. AADBA
并列句
并列句是两个或两个以上的简单句(即分句) 由并列连词(and , so, but, or等) 连在一起而构成的句子。
1. 表示联合关系的并列句:
这类并列句常用并列连词and (和), not only…but also…(不但……而且……)等来连接,这时分句之间是并列关系或顺承关系。and 一般不译出来。
[考题再现] (2012?福建福州?39) ________ my father ________ my mother take good care of me. I love them so much.
A. Either; or B. Both; and C. Neither; nor
[答案解析]B。either...or... ,neither...nor连接两个主语时,其谓语动词应与最近的一个主语在人称和数上保持一致。both...and表示两者都……,谓语动词用复数形式。由句中谓语动词take用的主语的复数形式,故选B。 2. 表示转折关系的并列句
这类并列句常用but (但是;可是),yet (可是),while (而)等来连接,前后分句之间有意义上的转折关系。
[考题再现] (2012?浙江台州?18) — How was the food in the town?
— Terrible, ________ we still had a good time there.
A. or B. so C. but D. because
[答案解析]C。terrible和had a good time存在一种转折关系,故选but。
3. 表示因果关系的并列句
这类并列句常用连词so(因此;所以),for (因为)等连接,后面分句与前面分句之间有因果关系。
[考题再现] (2012?天津?37) A snake bit him ________ he went to see a doctor at once.
A. if B. where C. because D. so
[答案解析]D。句意“一条蛇咬了他,因此他立刻去看医生了”。根据句意可知:被蛇咬是原因,去看医生是结果,故用so来引导。
4. 表示选择关系的并列句
这类并列句常用并列连词or (或者),either…or…(要么……要么……)等连接。
[考题再现] (2012?湖北襄阳?38) —Do you prefer classical music ________ pop music?
—Pop music, I think.
A. to B. or C. than D. for
[答案解析]B。句意“你更喜欢古典音乐还是流行音乐?”or是“或者,还是”,故选B。
[备考精练]
1. When you’re learning a foreign language, use it, ______you’ll lose it.
A. and B. or C. but D. /
2. Work hard, ______you’ll pass the final exam.
A. or B. but C. because D. and
3. Mr Zhang doesn’t feel well today, ______ he still works very hard.
A. but B. and C. or D. then
4. Speak loudly, ______ you are sure to speak good English.
A. but B. for C. and D. or
5. —Bob, you don’t work hard at geography.
—My dad says that the world is changing every day, ______ I decide to wait until it stops.
A. because B. while C. if D. so
Key: 1-5. BDACD
江苏 海安 安平中路69号
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1、根据句子的语气可以分为:陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。
①陈述句用来陈述一项事实。它包含肯定句和否定句。如:
I have been to the Great Wall twice.
There is nothing else in the box.
② 疑问句是用来提出问题。它包括一般疑问句、选择疑问句、特殊疑问句和反意疑问句。
一般疑问句是用yes或no来回答的疑问句。
[考题再现] (2012 ?山东临沂?77)
There are some flowers in the garden. (改为一般疑问句)
________ ________any flowers in the garden?
[答案解析] Are there。由原句there are结构可知,将be动词are提前。
特殊疑问句是就句子中某一部分提问的疑问句。它有两种结构:
特殊疑问词作主语或作主语的定语时,语序与陈述句一样。
[考题再现] (2012 ?山东临沂?79) David is playing basketball in the playground now. (对画线部分提问)
________ ________ playing basketball in the playground now?
[答案解析]Who is。对主语人进行提问,疑问词用who,且who在句中作主语,全句用陈述句语序。
特殊疑问词不作主语或主语的定语时,语序为:特殊疑问词 一般疑问句。
[考题再现] (2012?江苏南通?61)
Our first class in the morning begins at 7:30. (对划线部分提问)
________ ________ does your first class in the morning begin?
[答案解析] What time。对具体的时间提问,用特殊疑问词What time来提问。题中What time在句中作状语,语序为:特殊疑问词 一般疑问句。
选择疑问句是提供两种或两种以上情况问对方选择哪一种的疑问句。如:
Are you going to the cinema or the theatre?
反意疑问句是附加在陈述句之后,对陈述句所叙述的事实提出相反的疑问的问句。
[考题再现] (2012江苏无锡11) — Your brother often disagrees with you, ________ he?
— ________. We often have different opinions.
A. does, Yes B. doesn’t; Yes C. does; No D. doesn’t; No
[答案解析]B。考查反意疑问句以及回答。句子的陈述部分是含有行为动词的一般现在时态,主语是第三人称的单数形式,疑问部分用doesn’t构成,根据答句:我们经常有不同的观点,可知是肯定回答,所以选B。
③ 祈使句是用来表示命令,请求或建议等意义的句子。
[考题再现] (2012?重庆?37) Jack, ________, or you will get heavier.
A. doesn’t play sports any more B. doesn’t eat so much meat
C. don’t play sports any more D. don’t eat so much meat
[答案解析] D。考查祈使句的用法。祈使句中动词一般用原形,否定借用助动词don’t,故A和B可被排除,再根据句意“否则你会变胖”,故选D。
④感叹句是用来表示说话人强烈的喜、怒、哀、乐等情绪的句子。它通常有两种结构:What 名词短语 主 谓!How 形/副 主 谓!
[考题再现] (2012?江苏盐城?9) ________ children Simon and Jim are! They help Mrs. Li clean the house every day.
A. How nice B. How brave C. What nice D. What brave
[答案解析]C。children是可数名词复数,因此,使用what 来修饰,故选C。
2、根据句子的结构可以分为:简单词、复合句和并列句。
简单句
简单句是由一个主语或并列主语加一个谓语或并列谓语构成的句子。简单句有五大基本句型:
①主语 不及物动词(S V)
在该句型中,有时为了表示动作发生的频率、原因、结果、目的、场所、时间等,句末常带有状语。如:
We have been waiting for hours. 我们已经等了几个小时了。
②主语 及物动词 宾语 (S V O)
在该句型中,宾语可以由名词、代词、不定式、v-ing形式等充当。句子中有时含有状语。如:
You can put the books in your bag. 你可以把这些书放在你的包里。
③主语 系动词 表语 ( S V P)
在该句型中,表语通常由名词、形容词、介词短语、不定式等充当。系动词有两类,一类是说明情况的,如: be, look, feel, seem, taste, sound, smell等;另一类是表示变化的,如:become, get, turn, grow等。 [考题再现] (2012?宁夏?33) Apples of this kind ________.
A. tastes good B. tastes well C. taste good D. taste well
[答案解析]C。本题考查系动词的用法。句意:这种苹果尝起来很好。本句主语是apples,选项A和B系动词用第三人称单数tastes,故是错误的。well用作形容词时意为“身体健康的”,不符合句意。只能用taste good,意为“尝起来好”。所以选C。
④主语 及物动词 间接宾语 直接宾语 (S V IO DO)
在该句型中,间接宾语有时也可以改成一个由to或for引起的短语,放在直接宾语之后,即构成 “主语 及物动词 直接宾语 介词 间接宾语” 的句型。如:
Could you pass me the dictionary? = Could you pass the dictionary to me? 请你把字典递给我好吗?
They sang me a song. =They sang a song for me 他们给我唱了支歌。
需在间接宾语前加to的常见动词有:give, show, send, bring, pass, lend, tell, teach等;需在间接宾语前加for的常见动词:make, buy, do, sing, cook等。
如果直接宾语为人称代词宾格时,则只能用“主语 及物动词 直接宾语 介词 间接宾语” 的句型。如:
I’ll show it to my brother. 我要把它给我的弟弟看。
⑤主语 及物动词 宾语 宾语补足语 (S V O C)
宾语补足语的作用是补充说明宾语的动作或状态。它可以由名词、形容词、动词不定式或介词短语等充当。如:
Please keep the classroom clean. 请保持教室清洁。
She asked me to call Simon again. 她让我再给西蒙打个电话。
使役动词make, let, have等后接不带to的不定式作宾语补足语。如:
He made me work twelve hours a day. 他让我一天工作十二个小时。
感官动词 see, hear, watch, feel, find, notice 等后既可接不带to的不定式作宾语补足语,也可接v-ing形式作宾语补足语。前者表示动作已经结束,后者表示动作正在进行。试比较:
I saw a girl get on the bus. 我看见一个女孩上车了。 (上车的动作已经结束)
I saw a girl getting on the bus. 我看见一个女孩正在上车。 (上车的动作正在进行)
[考题再现] (2012江苏盐城13) —Is Tom in the next room?
— Well, it’s hard to say. But I heard him ________ loudly when I passed by just now.
A. speak B. to speak C. spoken D. speaking
[答案解析]D。由when I passed by just now“刚才我经过时”可知是强调动作正在发生, hear sb. doing sth.“听见某人正在做某事”,现在分词作宾语补足语。故答案选D项。
[备考精练]
一、按要求转换句型。
1. Mary does her homework in the evening, too. (改为否定句)
.
2. Tony has some comic books. (改为一般疑问句)
.
3. We usually played football at school last year. (用in the park改为选择疑问句)
.
4. There was little juice in the glass just now. (改为反意疑问句)
.
5. She writes to her mother once a month. (对划线部分提问)
.
6. The woman in green is Zhang Hua’s mother. (对划线部分提问)
.
7. It is exciting news. (改为感叹句)
________ ________ ________ it is!
8. Can you make me a model plane in an hour? (改为同义句)
.
二、选择填空
1. There were few new words in the English competition for your daughter,_______?
A. were there B. weren’t there C. aren’t there D. are there
2. ________ bad weather it is! It’s rainy for nearly a month. A. What B. What a C. How D. How a
3. —________ is it to your home town from here?
— Well, it takes more than two hours to get there by coach.
A. How soon B. How much C. How long D. How far
4. —________ sweater do you like better, the red one or the blue one?
—I prefer the blue one.
A. How much B. What C. Whose D. Which
5. Your English teacher has never lost his temper, ________ he?
A. has B. hasn’t C. did D. didn’t
6.— Where’s your brother now, Jack?
—I saw him ________ in the street a moment ago and I told him ________.
A. playing; don’t do so B. playing; not to do so
C. play; to do so D. play; doesn’t do so
7. — Have you seen the funny movie Let the Bullet(子弹)Fly?
— Yes, it made me ________ many times.
A. laugh B. cry C. sleep D. sing
8. — What is the name of the song you sang just now? It ________ wonderful.
— It is You and Me.
A. heard B. listened C. sounded D. listened to
Key:
一、1. Mary doesn’t do her homework in the evening, either.
2. Does Tony have any comic books?
3. Did you usually play football at school or in the park last year?
4. There’s little juice in the glass just now, was there?
5. How often does she write to her mother?
6. Which woman is Zhang Hua’s mother?
7. What exciting news
8. Can you make a model plane for me in an hour?
二、1-5. AADDA 6-8. BAC
复合句
复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句组成。我们常见的从句有宾语从句、状语从句、定语从句。
一、宾语从句
在复合句中作主句宾语的从句叫宾语从句。宾语从句考查的重点通常有引导词、语序和时态。
1.引导词
① that 引导宾语从句时,无词义,在口语或非正式文体中常被省略,引导的宾语从句为完整的陈述句。
[考题再现] (2012江西40)I know ________ I promised to take you dinner, but I won’t finish working until ten o’clock.
A. that B. if C. what D. why
[答案解析]A。此题考查宾语从句的引导词。if意为“是否”;what意为“什么”;why意为“为什么”。从句是一个完整的陈述句,可以用that连接,故选A。此句中的that也可以省略。
② whether / if 引导宾语从句时,whether或if在句中充当句子成分,意为“是否”,不可省略。
[考题再现] (2012黔西南23) Do you know ________ Zunyi or not tomorrow?
A. whether are they leaving for B. whether they are leaving for
C. if they are leaving for D. if are they leaving for
[答案解析]B。宾语从句要用陈述句语序,所以排除A、D选项;if通常不能与or not连用,故选B答案。
③ what, when, where, how, why, who, whose, whom, which 等疑问副词、疑问代词引导宾语从句时,疑问副词和疑问代词本身具有一定的意义,在宾语从句中担任一定的成分,因此不可省略。
[考题再现] (2012江苏南通10) — Could you tell me ________? I’d like to take part in it. — On July 5th.
A. when will the fashion show be held B. when the fashion show will be held
C. where will the fashion show be held D. where the fashion show will be held
[答案解析]B。宾语从句中从句的语序应是陈述句语序,排除A、C项。由答语“On July 5th.”可知上句是询问时间,由选项B中的when可知B项符合题意。
2. 语序
在含有宾语从句的复合句中,宾语从句须用陈述句的语序。
[考题再现] (2012浙江杭州26) — Could you tell me ________?
— Of course.
A. where’s there a good place to eat B. where there’s a good place to eat
C. where is a good place to eat D. where a good place to eat
[答案解析]B。宾语从句用陈述句语序,A和C都是疑问句的语序,可排除;D选项中缺少谓语动词也应排除。故选B。
3. 宾语从句的时态
①当主句是现在时态时,宾语从句可以根据实际需要用各种时态。如:
[考题再现] (2012北京34) —Can you tell me ________ the prize, Tom?
—Last year.
A. when you got B. when did you get
C. when will you get D. when you will get
[答案解析]A。宾语从句用陈述句语序,主句为一般现在时态,从句时态不受限制,答语为过去的时间,从句部分也应用一般过去时态,故选A。
②当主句谓语动词是过去时态时,宾语从句中的时态只能用过去时态的某一形式,不能用现在时态或将来时态。
[考题再现] (2012宁夏27) —What did you say just now?
—I asked you ________.
A. who is she B. who she is C. who was she D. who she was
[答案解析]D。宾语从句要用陈述句语序,所以排除A、C选项。本句主句I asked you是一般过去时,从句也应该用一般过去时,选项D是who she was,是一般过去时,符合题意。所以选D。
③ 如果宾语从句表示的客观事实、客观真理时,无论主句时态如何,宾语从句中的时态都使用一般现在时。
[经典试题]?( 2007·潍坊)Our physics teacher told us light _______ faster than sound last term.
A. travels B. travel C. traveled D. traveling
[答案解析]A。题意为“我们的物理老师告诉我们光的传播速度比声音的传播速度快”,宾语从句表示的是客观事实。
二、状语从句
在复合句中,修饰主句中的动词,形容词或副词等的从句叫状语从句。状语从句根据它表达的意思可以分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、让步、比较、条件等。
1. 时间状语从句。引导词有when, while, till, until, since, after, before, as soon as等。注意:在时间状语从句中, 当主句是将来时态时,从句通常要用一般现在时。
[考题再现] (2011?重庆市?34)Betty will ring me up when she ________ in Beijing.
A. arrive B. arrives C. arrived D. will arrive
[答案解析]B。本题考查时间状语从句,如果主句和从句的动作都发生在将来,从句时态要用一般现在时表示将来。
2.原因状语从句。引导词有because, as, since等。注意:汉语中,我们经常说“因为……所以……”,但是在英语中有了because, 就不能再用so。
[经典试题]?(2012?山东临沂?23)The family had to stay at hotel, ________ it was raining hard.
A because B. although C. until D. unless
[答案解析]A。根据句意:这一家人不得不待在旅馆,因为天正下着大雨。because意为“因为”; although意为“尽管,虽然”;until意为“直到”;unless 意为“除非,如果不”。根据句意选A。
3.比较状语从句。以than, as…as为引导词。
[考题再现] (2012?江苏南通?13) Bob often says that swimming is ________ than hiking in reducing weight, but he always spends more time on swimming.
A. less useful B. less interesting C. more useful D. more interesting [答案解析]A。从句中than 可知用比较级,通过后面but表达的转折句意“花更多的时间在游泳上”可知前句句意为“Bob经常说游泳对于减肥不如远足有用”,用less useful than表达“不如……有用”。故选A。
4.条件状语从句。以if, unless (=if not) 引导。
注意:和时间状语从句一样,主句是一般将来时,从句则用一般现在时。
[考题再现] (2012广东36) If our government ________ attention to controlling food safety now, our health ________ in danger.
A. won’t pay; is B. doesn’t pay; is C. won’t pay; will be D. doesn’t pay; will be
[答案解析]D。if引导的条件状语从句使用一般现在时表示将来,主句使用一般将来时。句意为“现在如果政府不注意控制食品安全,我们的健康将会受到威胁。”
5.让步状语从句。引导词有though, although. 注意:although, though不能和but连用。
[考题再现] (2012?江西?29) ________ the girl is only nine, she takes care of her brother and cooks meals every day.
A. If B. Because C. Although D. As
[答案解析]C。although引导让步状语从句,意思是“尽管”,此句意为“尽管女孩只有九岁,但她每天照顾弟弟并做饭。”
6.目的状语从句。引导词有so that, in order that等。
[考题再现](2011?安徽省?48)You’d better take the map with you________ you won’t get lost.
A. as long as B. as soon as C. now that D. so that
[答案解析]D。句意为:“你最好随身带个地图以便你不会迷路。
7.结果状语从句。引导词:so …that…, such …that…。
[考题再现] (2012?江苏苏州?6) It was ________ lovely weather ________ we decided to spend the day on the beach.
A. such a; that B. such; that C. such; as D. so; that
[答案解析]B。so 形容词/副词 that (从句),such (a/an) 形容词 名词 that(从句)。weather是不可数名词,故选B。
三、定语从句
在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的句子叫定语从句。定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词。定语从句作定语时位置在先行词的后面。引导定语从句的词有关系代词that, which, who(宾格whom, 所有格whose)和关系副词when, where, why。
1. 关系代词的用法
①that 指物,有时也指人,在定语从句中作主语或宾语。作主语时不可省略,作宾时可省略。
[考题再现] (2012?江苏扬州?12) Zhang Lili is considered as the most beautiful teacher ________ gave her love to her students in danger.
A. who B. that C. whom D. which
[答案解析]B。定语从句的现行词the most beautiful teacher是“人”,在定语从句中充当的是主语,因此用关系代词who或that引导来引导,同时先行词由形容词的最高级修饰,只能用that来引导,故选B。
② which 指物,不指人,在从句中作主语或宾语。作主语时不可省略,作宾语时可省略。
[考题再现] (2012?天津?44) Please pass me the cartoon book ________ has a Mickey Mouse on the cover.
A. whom B. whose C. who D. which
[答案解析]D。先行词the carton book是物,用which引导定语从句。
③ whom 指人,为who 的宾格形式,在定语从句中只充当宾语。
[考题再现] (2011·湖北黄石·29) —Do you know the kid with ________ Bob is talking over there?
—Yes, it’s my cousin.
A. who B. that C. 不填 D. whom
[答案解析]D。定语从句修饰kid,kid是人且其关系代词在定语从句中作宾语,所以应用“whom”。
⑤whose 指人或物,在从句中作定语。指物时常可用of which 取代。
[考题再现] (2012?湖北随州?35) —There are so many girls over there. Which one is your sister? —The one ________ hat is yellow. A. who B. whose C. that D. which
[答案解析]B。定语从句的先行词是the one/girl,在定语从句中充当hat的定语,所以,定语从句的引导词用whose引导,故选B。
2. 关系副词的用法
① when 指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。如:Istill remember the day when I first came to the Great Wall. 我还记得我第一次来长城的那天。
② where指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。
[考题再现] (2012?四川宜宾?26) This is the primary school ________ I studied three years ago.
A. where B. when C. that D. which
[答案解析]A。定语从句的先行词the primary school, 在定语从句中充当的是地点状语,所以用关系副词where引导, 故选A。
③ why 指原因,相当于for which, 在定语从句中作原因状语。如:That’s the reason why she spoke. 那就是她发言的原因。
[备考精练]
1. Miss Green asked him________.
A. where did he live B. where does he live
C. where he lived D. he lived where
2. Please asked that man _______he will go to see the match.
A. who B. what C. whether D. which
3. I don’t know if it _______ this afternoon. If it _______, I won’t go out.
A. will rain, rains B. will rain, will rain C. rains, rains D. rains, will rain
4. The teacher said that the earth _______around the sun.
A. will go B. goes C. went D. would go
5. The girl asked the teacher _______.
A. what does the library look like B. what did the library look like
C. what the library look like D. what the library looked like
6. — Did you see who the driver was?
— No, the car ran so fast ________ I couldn’t get a good look at his face.
A. that B. which C. as D. after
7. Who is the man ______ is reading a book over there?
A. that B. which C. whose D. what
8. —W ill you please give the MP5 to Tony?
—Sure. I’ll give it to him_______ he arrives here.
A. before B. until C. because D. as soon as
9. _______the story is short and there are no new words in it, it is difficult to understand.
A. But B. Though C. And D. For
10. Amy is the girl________ legs were badly hurt in the accident.
A. whose B. that C. who D. which
Key: 1-5. CCABD 6-10. AADBA
并列句
并列句是两个或两个以上的简单句(即分句) 由并列连词(and , so, but, or等) 连在一起而构成的句子。
1. 表示联合关系的并列句:
这类并列句常用并列连词and (和), not only…but also…(不但……而且……)等来连接,这时分句之间是并列关系或顺承关系。and 一般不译出来。
[考题再现] (2012?福建福州?39) ________ my father ________ my mother take good care of me. I love them so much.
A. Either; or B. Both; and C. Neither; nor
[答案解析]B。either...or... ,neither...nor连接两个主语时,其谓语动词应与最近的一个主语在人称和数上保持一致。both...and表示两者都……,谓语动词用复数形式。由句中谓语动词take用的主语的复数形式,故选B。 2. 表示转折关系的并列句
这类并列句常用but (但是;可是),yet (可是),while (而)等来连接,前后分句之间有意义上的转折关系。
[考题再现] (2012?浙江台州?18) — How was the food in the town?
— Terrible, ________ we still had a good time there.
A. or B. so C. but D. because
[答案解析]C。terrible和had a good time存在一种转折关系,故选but。
3. 表示因果关系的并列句
这类并列句常用连词so(因此;所以),for (因为)等连接,后面分句与前面分句之间有因果关系。
[考题再现] (2012?天津?37) A snake bit him ________ he went to see a doctor at once.
A. if B. where C. because D. so
[答案解析]D。句意“一条蛇咬了他,因此他立刻去看医生了”。根据句意可知:被蛇咬是原因,去看医生是结果,故用so来引导。
4. 表示选择关系的并列句
这类并列句常用并列连词or (或者),either…or…(要么……要么……)等连接。
[考题再现] (2012?湖北襄阳?38) —Do you prefer classical music ________ pop music?
—Pop music, I think.
A. to B. or C. than D. for
[答案解析]B。句意“你更喜欢古典音乐还是流行音乐?”or是“或者,还是”,故选B。
[备考精练]
1. When you’re learning a foreign language, use it, ______you’ll lose it.
A. and B. or C. but D. /
2. Work hard, ______you’ll pass the final exam.
A. or B. but C. because D. and
3. Mr Zhang doesn’t feel well today, ______ he still works very hard.
A. but B. and C. or D. then
4. Speak loudly, ______ you are sure to speak good English.
A. but B. for C. and D. or
5. —Bob, you don’t work hard at geography.
—My dad says that the world is changing every day, ______ I decide to wait until it stops.
A. because B. while C. if D. so
Key: 1-5. BDACD
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