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土壤是由岩石经过漫长的历史岁月及复杂的风化过程和成土过程而形成的。地表岩石在大气、水、热因素及生物的作用下,经过复杂的物理、化学过程,使坚硬整体的岩石变为矿物质颗粒的疏松层,具有了水分和空气的透过性,矿质养分初步释放出来,为生物生长和进一步的土壤形成创造了条件。岩石经过漫长的历史岁月及复杂的风化过程掀开了成为土壤的前奏。风化作用使岩石破碎,理化性质改变,形成结构疏松的风化壳,其上部可称为土壤母质。母质是土壤形成的物质基础和植物矿质养分元素(氮除外)的最初来源。母质代表土壤的初始状态,它在气候与生物的作用下,经过上千年的时间,才逐渐转变成可生长植物的土壤。
The soil is formed by the rock after a long historical period and a complex process of weathering and soil formation. Under the action of the atmosphere, water, heat and biology, the rock in the surface undergoes complex physical and chemical processes to make the hard whole rock become the loose layer of mineral particles, which has the permeability of moisture and air, and the preliminary of mineral nutrients Released, and created the conditions for biological growth and further soil formation. After a long history of rocks and complicated weathering process, the rock opened the prelude to soil. Weathered rock crushing, physical and chemical properties change, the formation of loose weathering crust, its upper part can be called soil parent material. The parent material is the material basis for soil formation and the primary source of plant mineral nutrients (except nitrogen). The parent material represents the initial state of the soil, which under the action of climate and biology, gradually transformed into soils that can grow plants after thousands of years.