一、识别的基本问题 1、自然资源的开发发有关这一问题的报道案件表明,欧洲和美国法院关于识别问题的意见存在一定的分歧。欧洲各个法院一致认为,至少当这类活动由其代理机构而非主权国家自身进行时,应识别为“商品性”。而美国各个法院的判决则倾向于识别为“主权性”。 (1)欧洲国家的判例。一般地说,欧洲国家的豁免理论否认外国主权者以外的实体享 I. Basic Issues in Recognition 1. Development of Natural Resources Reports on this issue show that there is some disagreement between European and U.S. courts on the issue of identification. European courts have agreed that, at a minimum, such activities should be identified as “merchandise” at least when carried out by their agencies rather than the sovereign state itself. Judgments of various U.S. courts, on the other hand, tend to identify as “sovereign”. (1) European jurisprudence. Generally, the exemption theory of European countries denies the enjoyment of entities other than foreign sovereigns