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近2个世纪以来,许多欧洲和俄国地质学家认为,造山运动是重力驱动的底辟过程,其侧向扩张在地壳10Km内起着主要作用。而英国和美国学者则认为,造山运动是由于岩石圈的聚敛所引起的。根据地球半径不变的假说,海底扩张则表明海洋的增长必须使岩石圈在海沟消亡才能达到地壳平衡,这时在消亡带处发生了聚敛造山运动。若地球膨胀使海底增长达到了平衡,那么对底辟的这种解释则是德国和俄国学者所争论的问题,而直到最近,英国文献中也很少讨论这一问题。底辟造山运动代表一个张性环境,与已知的控制条件——地震活动、热流、火山作用、几百公里的推覆体叠置、优地槽和昌地槽的主要特征、园弧型(环型造山带)和一股不对称型造山带相一致。比尼奥夫带是造山底辟的外缘,相对于稳定岩石圈来说,是边界活动的底辟。在全球,造山带和海底扩张脊将岩石圈划分成多边形棱柱,其规模反映了地幔的厚度.沿着白垩纪赤道的特提斯海存在一左旋扭转,与其共轭的右旋扭转将地球分为“陆地”和“海洋”半球,并通过白垩纪的地伋,这是最大和最小的大陆漂移中心。
For nearly two centuries, many European and Russian geologists believe that orogeny is a gravitational-driven diapir and its lateral expansion plays a major role in the 10Km crust. However, British and American scholars believe that the orogeny was caused by the convergence of the lithosphere. According to the hypothesis that the radius of the earth is constant, the seafloor expansion indicates that the growth of the ocean must allow the lithosphere to disappear before the trench can reach the crustal balance, at which time a convergent orogeny occurs at the extinction zone. If the expansion of the oceans equilibrates the growth of the seafloor, this interpretation of diapause is a subject of debate between German and Russian scholars, and until recently, it was seldom discussed in British literature. The diapir orogeny represents a tensioned environment, which is related to the known control conditions - seismic activity, heat flow, volcanism, superimposition of several hundred kilometers of nappe, (Orogenic belt) and an asymmetric orogenic belt consistent. The Biognov belt is the outer edge of a orogenic mountaineering diapir that acts as a boundary relative to a stable lithosphere. Globally, the orogenic belt and the seafloor spill ridge divide the lithosphere into polygonal prisms, the scale of which reflects the thickness of the mantle, a left-hand twist along the Tethys Sea at the equatorial Cretaceous, and the conjugate right- For the “land” and “ocean” hemispheres, and through the Cretaceous ground drain, this is the largest and smallest center of continental drift.