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本文评述了70年代中、后期国内外轻负荷滑动电接触材料的进展。轻负荷滑动接点包括电刷、滑动触点、滑环、集流片等。由于贵金属及其合金具有优良的电学、热学、机械及化学方面的综合性能,故轻负荷的滑动接触材料几乎都用贵金属及其合金。根据滑动接触材料的制造方式及特性大致可分为四类: (一) 贵金属及其合金接触材料。它基本上是以Au基和Pd基多元合金为主,Ag基合金次之。Pt基合金曾是轻负荷滑动接触材料之冠.但由于成本高,又易受有机蒸汽的污染,在70年代以来已很少研究以Pt为基的新合金。 (二) 电镀接触材料。其发展趋势是研究多层电镀、贵金属——化合物电镀及自润滑电镀层。其目的是使镀层致密、耐磨和提高抗腐蚀能力。 (三) 复合电接触材料。这种材料近年来发展很快,它开辟了创造特殊功能材料和更合理地利用资源的新途径。 (四) 自润滑接触材料。总之,近十几年来轻负荷滑动接触材料没有显著的进展,但对接触材料表面现象的研究、表面膜的分析、接触电阻的变化及摩擦磨损等方面的研究受到重视。本文还对这方面的部分国内文献作了综述性报导。
This article reviews the progress of light-load sliding electrical contact materials at home and abroad in the mid and late 1970s. Light load sliding contacts include brushes, sliding contacts, slip rings, current collectors and the like. Because precious metals and their alloys have excellent electrical, thermal, mechanical and chemical properties, almost all light-loaded sliding contact materials are made of precious metals and their alloys. According to the sliding contact material manufacturing methods and characteristics can be divided into four categories: (a) precious metals and their alloys contact materials. It is basically based on Au-based and Pd-based multi-alloy, Ag-based alloy followed. Pt-based alloys were once the highest light-load sliding contact material, but due to the high cost and susceptibility to organic vapors, little has been done since the 1970s to investigate new Pt-based alloys. (B) plating contact materials. The trend is to study multilayer plating, precious metal-compound plating and self-lubricating plating. The purpose is to make the coating dense, wear-resistant and improve corrosion resistance. (C) composite electrical contact materials. This material has developed rapidly in recent years, opening up new avenues for creating special functional materials and making more rational use of resources. (D) self-lubricating contact materials. In short, no significant progress has been made in the light-load sliding contact materials in recent ten years. However, researches on surface phenomena of contact materials, surface film analysis, contact resistance changes and friction and wear have drawn more attention. This article also made a summary of some domestic literature in this area.