贾谊《过秦论》:“尝以十倍之地,百万之师,叩关而攻秦。秦人开关延敌,九国之师逡巡而不敢进。”这几句话,运用了夸张和反衬的艺术手法,很有文学色彩。但如果从史实的角度来看,应当怎样理解“九国之师”?在贾谊所说的“惠文、武、昭襄王”时期,虽然山东各国大规模地联合攻秦有好几次,但如 Jia Yi’s “After the Qin Commentary”: “Taste ten times as much as one million divisions and attack Shao and attack Qin. The Qin’s switch extended the enemy and the division of the nine nations did not dare to advance.” These words used exaggeration. Contrary to the artistic approach, it is very literary. However, if we look at the historical point of view, how should we understand the “family of the nine nations?” In the period of “Wuiwen, Wu, Zhaozhaowang” mentioned by Jia Yi, although there were several large-scale joint attacks on Qin by various countries in Shandong Province,