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形态测量学用定量化的方法和手段描述、研究对象形态特征。几何形态测量学是形态测量学的分支,用界标点或轮廓线等标识研究对象的形态,并运用多变量运算进行量化分析和判别。形态测量学方法在生物学与古生物学领域的应用日益广泛,在生物的个体发育、系统演化、类群判别等方面均可发挥重要作用。本文重点介绍了目前在形态测量学中常用的数据类型、分析方法与步骤,即线性距离、界标点、轮廓线等数据类型的获取,普鲁克迭加、傅里叶转换、特征形状分析与增强特征形状分析等数据转换方法,以及主变量分析、典型变量分析等常用多变量线性回归方法的原理与分析过程。选择以类有孔虫个体发育与类群鉴定中几何形态测量学的应用为例,解释最常用的多变量线性回归方法——主成分分析与典型变量分析的应用与结果剖析。
Morphometry uses quantitative methods and means to describe and study the morphological characteristics of objects. Geometrical surveying is a branch of morphometry, marking the shape of the research object with landmarks or contour lines, and using multivariate operation for quantitative analysis and discrimination. Morphometry methods are widely used in the field of biology and paleontology, and play an important role in the development of individual organisms, the evolution of systems, and the discrimination of taxonomic groups. This article focuses on the commonly used data types, analysis methods and steps currently used in morphometry, namely the acquisition of data types such as linear distance, landmark points and contour lines, Prussian superposition, Fourier transform, feature shape analysis and Enhance the feature shape analysis and other data conversion methods, as well as the main variables analysis, typical variables analysis and other commonly used multivariate linear regression method of the principle and analysis process. The application of geometric morphometry in the development of foraminiferal-like individuals and taxonomic identification was taken as an example to explain the most commonly used multivariable linear regression method - the application of principal component analysis and the analysis of typical variables.