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由于中国天下秩序观与西方国际法体系的原理不同,宗藩体制的“属邦自主”惯例无法比照《国际法》“宗主国”与“属国”的定义,使清政府先后丢失琉球与越南的宗主权。为了保住对朝鲜的宗主权,清政府试图以宗藩礼仪,套用《国际法》对“宗主国”的解释,加强控制朝鲜内政外交,却使朝鲜怀疑中国动机不良,欲否定其自主地位。朴定阳出使美国之事,正是清政府检验中朝宗藩关系是否被欧美各国所接受,也是朝鲜向国际社会宣称“自主之国”的绝佳机会。朴定阳使节团虽成功摆脱“三端”限制,但在李鸿章的斡旋下,朝鲜未能达到“自主”之诉求,反而让中朝两国的争端趋向表面化,也让朝鲜决心引入日本势力,牵制中国,埋下甲午战争的隐患。
Because of the difference between the concept of world order in China and the principles of Western international law, the “state-owned” convention of the suzerain-vassal system can not be compared with the definitions of “international law”, “suzerain country” and “subordinate state”, causing the Qing government to lose Ryukyu With Vietnam’s suzerainty. In order to keep its sovereignty over North Korea, the Qing government attempted to apply the “religious sovereignty” and “international sovereignty” to strengthen the control of North Korea’s internal affairs and diplomacy. However, it made North Korea suspect China’s motive for lack of motivation and denied its autonomous status. The fact that Park Ding-yang has taken the United States out of office is precisely the Qing government’s test of whether the relations between the DPRK and the DPRK and the DPRK and the DPRK and the DPRK and the DPRK and the DPRK and the DPRK and the DPRK and the DPRK and the DPRK and the DPRK and the DPRK have declared to the international community an “independent nation”. However, under the mediation of Li Hongzhang, North Korea failed to meet its “autonomy” demands. Instead, it allowed the disputes between China and North Korea to become more outward-oriented, and also made North Korea determined to introduce Japan’s “three-terminal” restrictions. Forces, contain China, buried the hidden dangers of the Sino-Japanese War.