一、文化,两个源流?威廉姆斯(R.Williams)1983[1958]认为关于文化的思考开始于产业革命时期,当然,作为启蒙思想的产物,文化和文明的概念古已有之,表示人类智慧所达到的程度以及道德水准,但从18世纪后期到19世纪末,文化和文明已经开始被描述为完全对立的概念。如果说文明是技术? I. Culture and Two Sources? R. Williams 1983 [1958] considered that thinking about culture started during the Industrial Revolution. Of course, the concept of culture and civilization, as a product of enlightenment, has existed The degree of human wisdom, and moral standards, but from the late 18th century until the end of the 19th century, culture and civilization had begun to be described as completely antithetical concepts. If civilization is technology?