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从行业性质来看,医疗、教育与传媒业在传统的计划经济体制下都是提供公共服务的事业部门。1979年前后随着企业化管理的实施,这些单位变成了政府管理下的市场主体,兼具公共性与盈利性的双重属性。事业单位与企业化管理的结合生成了一种独特的二元体制。正是这种二元体制导致了政府和市场的双重失灵。尽管行业属性不同,其表现出的逐利趋势与公益性丧失却大体相同。从比较制度分析的视野看,这三个行业的病灶有着共同的制度根源。由于模糊了医疗、教育与传媒产品兼具公共物品与私人物品的多样性特征,导致了政府管理的错位。二元体制下的市场化因此成为一种伪市场化,无法解决食利集团的公益伪装和政府俘获问题。公共物品与私人物品的边界也是政府与企业的边界,厘定这种边界,使政府与市场主体在公益与盈利领域各司其职是改制的关键。西方的新公共管理运动可以为我们提供借鉴。
In terms of the nature of the industry, the medical, education and media industries are institutions that provide public services under the traditional planned economy. Since 1979, with the implementation of enterprise management, these units have become the market players under the government management, with the dual attributes of publicity and profitability. The combination of institutions and enterprise management has created a unique duality system. It is this dual system that has led to double failures of government and markets. Despite the different attributes of the industry, the profit-seeking trend shown by the industry is largely the same as the loss of public welfare. From the perspective of comparative institutional analysis, the lesions of the three industries share common institutional roots. Due to the obscure medical treatment, education and media products have the characteristics of both public goods and personal goods, resulting in the dislocation of government administration. The marketization under the dual system has therefore become a pseudo-marketization that can not solve the fraud and government capture problems of the profit-making groups. The border between public goods and personal belongings is also the border between government and enterprises. Determining this kind of border makes the government and market players each play their respective roles in public welfare and profit making as the key to restructuring. Western new public management movement can provide us with reference.