想象在一个科技创新公司,两个工程师团队一起工作:一个设计新笔记本电脑的处理器,另一个负责屏幕。如果任何一个团队出错了,原型机就会失败。但是考虑到屏幕和处理器间密切而复杂的连接关系,你很难指出到底是哪个团队的设计选择导致了最终的失败,更不用说技术上深层次的原因了。对于任何组织,这都是一个常见的问题:一个创新项目中, Imagine working in a technology startup company with two teams of engineers: one to design a processor for a new laptop and one to handle the screen. If any one team goes wrong, the prototype will fail. But given the close and complicated connections between the screen and the processor, it’s hard to tell exactly which team’s design choice led to the ultimate failure, let alone a technically deep reason. This is a common problem for any organization: in an innovation project,