欧盟是目前世界上福利水平最高的地区性组织。到五十年代,欧盟所有的成员国都基本完成了社会保障制度的立法,设立了相应的管理机构,随着经济和社会的发展,逐步建立起一套以高福利为主要内涵的社会保障体系。欧盟虽然目前还未建立起真正意义上的一体化的社会保障体系,社会保障的主体任务仍由各成员国分担,各成员国在保障范围、筹资标准及管理机制上各有一套,但由于受历史、地理环境及社会制度等多方面因素的影响,具有很强的趋同性,从制度类型上大致分为两类。一类是“强制型”。以德国为代表的多数西欧、中欧国家都属此类,其主要特点:一是法定参保。强制性地要求公民必须参加法定的社会保险,定期缴费从而享有相应的待遇;二是自治管理。除失业保险外,其他保险均由独立的保险机 The EU is currently the highest level of welfare in the world of regional organizations. By the 1950s, all EU member states basically completed the legislation of the social security system and set up corresponding management agencies. With economic and social development, a social security system with high welfare as the main content was gradually established. Although the EU has not yet established a truly integrated social security system, the main task of social security is still shared by all member states. Each member country has its own set of guarantees, funding standards and regulatory mechanisms. However, due to History, geographical environment and social system and other factors, has a strong convergence, from the type of system can be broadly divided into two categories. One type is “mandatory type”. Most Western and Central European countries represented by Germany belong to this category. The main features are as follows: First, statutory insurance. Mandatory requirements of citizens must participate in statutory social insurance, pay regularly to enjoy the appropriate treatment; Second, self-government. Except for unemployment insurance, all other insurances are covered by an independent insurance machine