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近代岩石学有两种常规仪器,偏光显微镜和X′光衍射设备.偏光显微镜能直接观测粒度在光波波长以上(>2000A)的矿物形态和它的光学性质.X′光衍射数据能够推导原子在单位晶胞中的位置,其尺度约为1—100A.但是X光晶体构造测定是以无数单位晶胞测量的平均值并且所有晶胞均为相同的假设为基础的.所得到的是综合的图象,并不是矿物的具体形貌.透射电子显微镜则不同,它能观察大小在几个人A的超微现象.在岩石和矿物中,100—10,000A之间的尺度范围内,有许多重要的构造现象是上述常规技术所观察不了的.比如一些细小的晶畴、次显微双晶、晶体的某些缺陷等,通常要借助透射电镜来观察.
In modern petrology, there are two types of conventional instruments, polarized light microscopy and X ’light diffraction equipment. The polarization microscope directly observes the mineral morphology and its optical properties of the particle above the wavelength of the light wave (> 2000 A). X’ The location in a unit cell is about 1 to 100 A. However, the X-ray crystal structure measurement is based on the assumption that the unit cells of an infinite number of units are measured and that all the unit cells are the same. The resulting integrated The image, which is not the specific shape of the mineral, differs by transmission electron microscopy, which observes the ultrasounds of size A in several people A. In rocks and minerals, there are many important scales in the range between 100 and 10,000 A Of the tectonic phenomena can not be observed by the above conventional techniques.For example, some small crystal domains, submicron twins, some of the crystal defects, usually by transmission electron microscopy.