在市场经济比较成熟的国家,企业体制源于激烈的市场竞争,其形成走过一段漫长的道路。而在中国,企业体制及运行机制的形成却恰恰走了一条相反的路,它是因为企业亏损严重、失去竞争力而被迫选择一种措施。据统计,近几年全国预算内工业企业总户数中的亏损企业所占比重是:1988年,12％;1989年,16％;1990年,35％;1991年,36％。亏损金额也在1991年达到创纪录的水平——310亿元。这还只是明亏。据测算,1992年企业明 In a country with a relatively mature market economy, the corporate system stems from fierce market competition and its formation has come a long way. In China, the formation of the enterprise system and operating mechanism has just taken the opposite path. It is because companies are forced to choose a measure because of serious losses and loss of competitiveness. According to statistics, the proportion of loss-making enterprises in the total number of industrial enterprises in the national budget in recent years is: 12% in 1988; 16% in 1989; 35% in 1990; and 36% in 1991. The amount of losses also reached a record level in 1991 - 31 billion yuan. This is only a loss. According to estimates, the company’s