In this article, using pollen grains and butterfly wings as templates, we fabricated the TiO2 replica of rape pollen grains and SiO2 and ZnO replicas of butterfly wings through sol-gel methods. The fabrication procedure was analyzed and some samples were tested by laser diffraction and PL. The main content and innovation points of this article are as follows:1. In the early times of the experiment, we used rape pollen grains as templates and fabricated TiO2 replicas of rape pollen grains. Scanning electron microscope was used to observe the superficial structure of the sample and X-ray diffraction was used to identify its crystal structure.2. Butterfly (Papilio paris) wings were used as templates and the SiO2 replica of butterfly wings were fabricated through sol-gel method. SEM was used to observe the surface structure of the replica. The result shows that the structure of SiO2 replica is complementary to the structure of the template, which proves that the SiO2 replica is the reverse structure replica of the template. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) and select area electron diffraction (SAED) were used to identify the crystal structure of the replica. The result shows that the replica is amorphous. The SiO2 sample was then tested by laser beams to analyze its diffraction performance. Laser beams of four wavelengths were used to test the sample and the result was analyzed quantitatively. And the result shows that this material has good performance in diffraction.3. Butterfly (Papilio paris) wings were used as templates and the ZnO replica of butterfly wings were fabricated through sol-gel method. SEM was used to observe the surface structure of the replica. TEM and SAED were used to identify its crystal structure and the sample was found to be Wurtzite ZnO crystal. Then the photo luminescence spectrum (PL) of the ZnO replica was tested and optical anisotropy was found in the replica. Preliminary illustration was provided.