20世纪初,受德国文学和哲学浪漫主义传统影响,翻译被认为是对原文的重建和改编,提倡自主性翻译(主要指译者的自主性),体现出浓厚的人文主义传统。二战以后,随着美国的崛起以及现代语言学的出现,翻译理论及活动渐以语言学为导向,强调科学性,直到George Steiner等学者提出质疑并呼唤人文主义传统的回归。20世纪80年代,翻译学作为一门独立的学科应运而生,提出跨文化交际功能,强调译文 At the beginning of the 20th century, influenced by the tradition of German literature and philosophical romanticism, translation was considered as the reconstruction and adaptation of the original text, advocating autonomous translation (mainly referring to the translator’s autonomy), and embodying a strong tradition of humanism. After World War II, with the rise of the United States and the advent of modern linguistics, translation theories and activities gradually became linguistic-oriented and emphasized science until scholars such as George Steiner questioned and called for the return of the humanist tradition. In the 1980s, as an independent discipline, translation studies emerged as a cross-cultural communicative function, emphasizing translation