盛行于19世纪的黄祸论,是西方种族观念经历由生物学意义向社会学意义转换下的结果,其中进化论和社会达尔文主义等理论起了关键性的作用。随着西方种族论和进化论传入中国,中国人对黄祸论也进行了人种学上的系列回应。在中国人种衰弱的普遍认知下,首先提出了直接的和间接的两个强种方案:与白人“通种”和种族的自我改良,前者虽不失为一种直接有效的方案,但遭到保守人士的反对;后者却是一个长期的目标,难解决一时的危局。在黄、白之间种战已不可避免的认知下,黄种人的联合成为当时士人对付“白祸”的最为有效的手段,这一思想在日俄战争前后达到高潮。清季中国人的种族观念深受西方人种论的影响,但从其对黄祸论的反映看,也经历了一个被动接受到主动出击的演变过程。 The yellow calamity prevailing in the 19th century was the result of the transformation of western ethnic ideas from the biological to the sociological significance. The theories of evolution and social Darwinism played a key role. As Western ethnic theory and evolution came to China, the Chinese also conducted a series of ethnographic responses to the Yellow Scourge. Under the general recognition of the weakening of China’s population, the first two direct and indirect strong solutions are proposed: the white people and the ethnic self-improvement, although the former is a direct and effective solution Was opposed by conservatives; the latter is a long-term goal that can hardly solve the immediate crisis. Under the inevitable perception that the war between the yellow and the white have become inevitable, the union of the yellow people became the most effective means for the scholars to deal with “white troubles” at the time, culminating in the Japanese-Russian war. The Chinese concept of race in the Qing quarter was deeply influenced by Western ethnocentrism. However, its reflection on the theory of the Yellow Peril also experienced an evolutionary process of passive acceptance and initiative.