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在英语学习中,分词是高考大纲的重点语法知识,也一直是英语教学过程中的一大难点。分词是一种限定动词,分为现在分词和过去分词。它保留着动词的若干特征,又具有形容词,副词的特征。分词有时态和语态变化,又带有宾语并能被状语修饰。通过多年教学,我发现学生在学习和考试中总是容易在分词上出一些错误。本文旨在提供一些易出错和难掌握的考点的注意事项,以帮助同学们更好的把握分词的运用。
易错点一:-ing分词和-ed分词的区别。
学生对-ing分词和-ed 分词的掌握感到有困难。而实际上调–ing分词修饰事物;而-ed 分词修饰人
例如:The story is (interesting) , I am (interested) in it.而在高中,这样理解是不够的,应该强调:-ing分词表示令人感到……有主动含义;而-ed 分词表示感到……有被动的含义。
如:The teacher is frightening.( frightening 吓人的)
这个老师让人感到害怕。
The teacher is frightened ( frightened感到害怕的)
这个老师感到害怕。
He is excited so there is an excited look on his face.
他感到激动,所以他脸上有激动的神色。而exciting look 是令别人感到激动的神色。
His surprised look suggested that he knew nothing about it.
他惊讶的神色表明他对此事一无所知,而surprising look 是令人感到惊讶的神色,还有tone ,voice 等也有类似的用法。
An excited boy speaks in an exciting voice.
An frightening person speaks in a frightening tone.
A surprised boy speaks in a surprising tone.
易错点二:分词替换从句,主语必须一致。句中如果出现连词就不可用分词替代从句。
如:while she was watching TV, she heard a knock at the door.
正当她看电视的时候,有人敲门。可以用分词改写,因为两句的主语一致可以用分词改写,因为两句的主语一致。(While)Watching TV, she heard a knock at the door
注意:while she was watching TV ,someone knocked at the door. 正当她看电视时,有人敲门。此句不可用分词替换从句,因为 两句中的主语不一致。在替换过程中,考生在运用时容易犯以下错误:
1.只看表面,不管结构。
如___-many times ,but he still couldn’t understand it.( A. Having been told B. He was told) 很多同学会误选A.但句中有连词 but ,连词应连接两个相同的成分,此句中but,连接两个句子,所以B项正确。若去掉but, 则A项正确。
如:He has lived in this city for many years ,so he knows the city very well. (有连词,用句子。)
2.只看形式,不管意思。
如:___ late in the morning ,he turned off the alarm.(A. To sleep B. sleeping )
很多同学会选B.但要求说出句意就会犯了难。其实此题应该选A.意为:“为了睡个懒觉,他把闹钟关了。”不定式作目的状语,而分词一般不表目的。
Having lived in London for years, I almost know every place quite well. 在伦敦住过多年,我几乎对每个地方都很熟悉。(表原因)
3.在祈使句+and/or+句子的句型中,学生常常弄错。在这样的结构中该用动词原形(祈使句)时,却误用分词。请辨别以下句子:
Work hard and you will be able to pass the exam .Work hard or you will fail the exam.
Having worked hard , he passed the exam.
易错点三:分词的独立主格结构。
在分词作状语时,其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语一致。如果不一致的话,分词前面可以带有自己的逻辑主语(名词或代词),构成分词的独立结构(或称为带逻辑主语的分词结构)。分词独立结构可表示伴随情况、陪衬动作、附加说明以及表示时间、原因、条件等。
例如:
1.The moon has no light of its own, only sunlight shining on it. (附加说明)
2.Maggie ran back to the kitchen, eggs held carefully in her hand. (伴随动作)
3.They being blind men, how could they see the elephants? ( =As they were blind men... ) (表示原因)
易错点四:悬垂分词问题
分词(短语)有意义上的逻辑主语,它或是句子的主语,或者另有自己的主语,不然称这种分词为“悬垂分词”,这样的句子一般认为是错误的。 例如:
1. Looking out of the window of our class-room, there are lots of mountains.
(这句话听起来好像是那些山从窗户往外看。)
2.Admired by everybody, dozens of letters reached the hero..(这句话听起来好像是信件被赞扬。)
3.Sitting under an apple tree one night, an idea came to Newton.
(这句话听上去好像是某种思想坐在树下。)关于“悬垂分词”这条语法规则也有例外情况。下面几种情况中的分词(短语),不再认为它们是“悬垂分词”,即句子是正确的。
有些分词(短语)可用来表示说话人的态度,看问题的角度,或者对所叙述的情况进行解释,它们便成了句子的独立成分,其逻辑主语也就不再是句子的主语。
例如.:
1. Strictly speaking. nobody is allowed in here.严格地讲,谁也不允许在这儿。(speaking的逻辑主语并不是nobody)
2.Judging from his accent, he must be from the South.从他的口音判断,他一定是南方人。(这句中不是he在“判断”)
3.Taken as a whole, there is nothing with the book.总的来说,这本书没有问题。
4.Taking all things in consideration, his work is a successful one.全面考虑起来,他的工作还是很成功的。经常这样用的分词(分词词组)有:frankly (broadly, generally, properly, strictly…) speaking, judging from(by)…,talking about…,speaking of…,looking at…,taking…into consideration, put frankly, taken…等。
总之,在学习过程中,要细心,多总结,就一定能把分词掌握住。
易错点一:-ing分词和-ed分词的区别。
学生对-ing分词和-ed 分词的掌握感到有困难。而实际上调–ing分词修饰事物;而-ed 分词修饰人
例如:The story is (interesting) , I am (interested) in it.而在高中,这样理解是不够的,应该强调:-ing分词表示令人感到……有主动含义;而-ed 分词表示感到……有被动的含义。
如:The teacher is frightening.( frightening 吓人的)
这个老师让人感到害怕。
The teacher is frightened ( frightened感到害怕的)
这个老师感到害怕。
He is excited so there is an excited look on his face.
他感到激动,所以他脸上有激动的神色。而exciting look 是令别人感到激动的神色。
His surprised look suggested that he knew nothing about it.
他惊讶的神色表明他对此事一无所知,而surprising look 是令人感到惊讶的神色,还有tone ,voice 等也有类似的用法。
An excited boy speaks in an exciting voice.
An frightening person speaks in a frightening tone.
A surprised boy speaks in a surprising tone.
易错点二:分词替换从句,主语必须一致。句中如果出现连词就不可用分词替代从句。
如:while she was watching TV, she heard a knock at the door.
正当她看电视的时候,有人敲门。可以用分词改写,因为两句的主语一致可以用分词改写,因为两句的主语一致。(While)Watching TV, she heard a knock at the door
注意:while she was watching TV ,someone knocked at the door. 正当她看电视时,有人敲门。此句不可用分词替换从句,因为 两句中的主语不一致。在替换过程中,考生在运用时容易犯以下错误:
1.只看表面,不管结构。
如___-many times ,but he still couldn’t understand it.( A. Having been told B. He was told) 很多同学会误选A.但句中有连词 but ,连词应连接两个相同的成分,此句中but,连接两个句子,所以B项正确。若去掉but, 则A项正确。
如:He has lived in this city for many years ,so he knows the city very well. (有连词,用句子。)
2.只看形式,不管意思。
如:___ late in the morning ,he turned off the alarm.(A. To sleep B. sleeping )
很多同学会选B.但要求说出句意就会犯了难。其实此题应该选A.意为:“为了睡个懒觉,他把闹钟关了。”不定式作目的状语,而分词一般不表目的。
Having lived in London for years, I almost know every place quite well. 在伦敦住过多年,我几乎对每个地方都很熟悉。(表原因)
3.在祈使句+and/or+句子的句型中,学生常常弄错。在这样的结构中该用动词原形(祈使句)时,却误用分词。请辨别以下句子:
Work hard and you will be able to pass the exam .Work hard or you will fail the exam.
Having worked hard , he passed the exam.
易错点三:分词的独立主格结构。
在分词作状语时,其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语一致。如果不一致的话,分词前面可以带有自己的逻辑主语(名词或代词),构成分词的独立结构(或称为带逻辑主语的分词结构)。分词独立结构可表示伴随情况、陪衬动作、附加说明以及表示时间、原因、条件等。
例如:
1.The moon has no light of its own, only sunlight shining on it. (附加说明)
2.Maggie ran back to the kitchen, eggs held carefully in her hand. (伴随动作)
3.They being blind men, how could they see the elephants? ( =As they were blind men... ) (表示原因)
易错点四:悬垂分词问题
分词(短语)有意义上的逻辑主语,它或是句子的主语,或者另有自己的主语,不然称这种分词为“悬垂分词”,这样的句子一般认为是错误的。 例如:
1. Looking out of the window of our class-room, there are lots of mountains.
(这句话听起来好像是那些山从窗户往外看。)
2.Admired by everybody, dozens of letters reached the hero..(这句话听起来好像是信件被赞扬。)
3.Sitting under an apple tree one night, an idea came to Newton.
(这句话听上去好像是某种思想坐在树下。)关于“悬垂分词”这条语法规则也有例外情况。下面几种情况中的分词(短语),不再认为它们是“悬垂分词”,即句子是正确的。
有些分词(短语)可用来表示说话人的态度,看问题的角度,或者对所叙述的情况进行解释,它们便成了句子的独立成分,其逻辑主语也就不再是句子的主语。
例如.:
1. Strictly speaking. nobody is allowed in here.严格地讲,谁也不允许在这儿。(speaking的逻辑主语并不是nobody)
2.Judging from his accent, he must be from the South.从他的口音判断,他一定是南方人。(这句中不是he在“判断”)
3.Taken as a whole, there is nothing with the book.总的来说,这本书没有问题。
4.Taking all things in consideration, his work is a successful one.全面考虑起来,他的工作还是很成功的。经常这样用的分词(分词词组)有:frankly (broadly, generally, properly, strictly…) speaking, judging from(by)…,talking about…,speaking of…,looking at…,taking…into consideration, put frankly, taken…等。
总之,在学习过程中,要细心,多总结,就一定能把分词掌握住。